In Horschler et al. [1], we reviewed three new anticipatory looking (AL) studies of false belief (FB) representation in non-human primates (hereafter primates) [2–4] in relation to similar studies in humans [5]. We concluded that AL evidence of belief representation in primates should be interpreted cautiously due to challenges shared with the human literature, as […]

Three recent studies [1–3], inspired by seminal work with human infants (e.g., [4]), have shown that non-human apes and macaques pass anticipatory-looking (AL) false-belief (FB) tests. These results raise the possibility that both apes and monkeys understand that others’ actions are driven not by reality but by beliefs about reality, even when those beliefs are […]

Recent breakthroughs in neurobiology indicate that the time is ripe to understand how cellular-level mechanisms are related to conscious experience. Here, we highlight the biophysical properties of pyramidal cells, which allow them to act as gates that control the evolution of global activation patterns. In conscious states, this cellular mechanism enables complex sustained dynamics within […]