Rewards play a crucial role in sculpting all motivated behavior. Traditionally, research on reinforcement learning has centered on how rewards guide learning and decision-making. Here, we examine the origins of rewards themselves. Specifically, we discuss that the critical signal sustaining reinforcement for food is generated internally and subliminally during the process of digestion. As such, […]

Abstract Computational and animal models suggest that the unlearning or pruning of incorrect meanings matters for word learning. However, it is currently unclear how such pruning occurs during word learning and to what extent it depends on supervised and unsupervised learning. In two experiments (N 1 = 40; N 2 = 42), adult participants first completed a pretraining, in […]

Abstract Individuals can experience both “I” based individual agency and “we” based joint agency during cooperative action. This study examined how three key factors, role identity (leader, follower), action contribution (high, equal, low), and outcome feedback (success, failure, none), influence these two forms of agency. Through three experiments using goal-directed joint tasks and subjective agency […]