The authors find that the spatial conflict kicks in very early and influences the initial trajectory of movement, while the rule-based conflict shows up later in the unfolding response. These patterns add together rather than interact, implying separate processes operating on different timescales. For researchers and educators, that separation matters because it suggests training or interventions could target one control type without necessarily affecting the other.
For anyone interested in human potential and inclusive design, this work points toward tailored approaches to strengthen cognitive control. Understanding the timing and independence of different control mechanisms can inform classroom strategies, workplace supports, and accessible interfaces that respect how people respond under complex demands. Read the full article to see how these dynamic measurements reveal hidden layers of control and what that might mean for helping people learn, adapt, and thrive.
Abstract
The processes and mechanisms underlying inhibitory control have been explored for decades. The current study investigated the inhibitory control processes in response to complex conflict types within trials. A novel task combined a spatial Simon manipulation with a color-shape task switching paradigm, using a “mouse tracking” technique which captured dynamic responses. Simon compatibility and task-rule congruency effects clearly emerged in performance and exerted an additive influence on movement trajectories. A time-course analysis showed a very early and fast-acting Simon effect, but a task congruency effect which emerged later. No interaction was observed between Simon compatibility and task-rule congruency. The results suggest that cognitive control can be flexibly and independently evoked by different conflict types within a short time period, but that very different mental processes underlie Simon and congruency effects. Our findings are in agreement with the view that different conflict types are managed by distinct cognitive control mechanisms.
