Pharmacological agents theorized to modulate fear extinction could enhance treatments for anxiety and trauma-related disorders, but fear conditioning and treatment studies testing these agents often yield null or conflicting results. We review principles of extinction learning relevant to the design of studies that test pharmacological enhancements of extinction. We then critically review the methodologies of existing studies for three pharmacological agents [d-cycloserine (DCS), glucocorticoids (GCs), and L-DOPA] with respect to key learning principles. While each agent has promising support in rodent models, many human studies are not designed to adequately detect an agent’s effects on extinction learning. We provide specific recommendations, informed by these learning principles, for future study designs that may clarify whether, how, and under what conditions agents impact extinction.
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Dr. David Lowemann, M.Sc, Ph.D., is a co-founder of the Institute for the Future of Human Potential, where he leads the charge in pioneering Self-Enhancement Science for the Success of Society. With a keen interest in exploring the untapped potential of the human mind, Dr. Lowemann has dedicated his career to pushing the boundaries of human capabilities and understanding.
Armed with a Master of Science degree and a Ph.D. in his field, Dr. Lowemann has consistently been at the forefront of research and innovation, delving into ways to optimize human performance, cognition, and overall well-being. His work at the Institute revolves around a profound commitment to harnessing cutting-edge science and technology to help individuals lead more fulfilling and intelligent lives.
Dr. Lowemann’s influence extends to the educational platform BetterSmarter.me, where he shares his insights, findings, and personal development strategies with a broader audience. His ongoing mission is shaping the way we perceive and leverage the vast capacities of the human mind, offering invaluable contributions to society’s overall success and collective well-being.
