Just like a delicious cocktail can be made with multiple ingredients, our memory for emotionally relevant events can be enhanced by different mechanisms. One well-known route is through the affective response, where the emotional outcome triggers changes in brain chemistry that strengthen memories. However, recent research has uncovered another interesting pathway called the ‘prediction’ mechanism. This mechanism works by strengthening memories based on how surprising or unexpected an outcome is compared to our expectations. It has its own unique neural signature and operates independently from the emotional response itself. While both routes lead to improved memory, they have contrasting effects on memory integration. Fascinatingly, new findings shed light on how emotional events not only strengthen memories but also how they are organized and segmented in our minds.
If you’re thrilled by the idea of understanding more about your own memory and how emotions can shape it, delve into the exciting research behind these dual mechanisms!
Events associated with aversive or rewarding outcomes are prioritized in memory. This memory boost is commonly attributed to the elicited affective response, closely linked to noradrenergic and dopaminergic modulation of hippocampal plasticity. Herein we review and compare this ‘affect’ mechanism to an additional, recently discovered, ‘prediction’ mechanism whereby memories are strengthened by the extent to which outcomes deviate from expectations, that is, by prediction errors (PEs). The mnemonic impact of PEs is separate from the affective outcome itself and has a distinct neural signature. While both routes enhance memory, these mechanisms are linked to different – and sometimes opposing – predictions for memory integration. We discuss new findings that highlight mechanisms by which emotional events strengthen, integrate, and segment memory.
Dr. David Lowemann, M.Sc, Ph.D., is a co-founder of the Institute for the Future of Human Potential, where he leads the charge in pioneering Self-Enhancement Science for the Success of Society. With a keen interest in exploring the untapped potential of the human mind, Dr. Lowemann has dedicated his career to pushing the boundaries of human capabilities and understanding.
Armed with a Master of Science degree and a Ph.D. in his field, Dr. Lowemann has consistently been at the forefront of research and innovation, delving into ways to optimize human performance, cognition, and overall well-being. His work at the Institute revolves around a profound commitment to harnessing cutting-edge science and technology to help individuals lead more fulfilling and intelligent lives.
Dr. Lowemann’s influence extends to the educational platform BetterSmarter.me, where he shares his insights, findings, and personal development strategies with a broader audience. His ongoing mission is shaping the way we perceive and leverage the vast capacities of the human mind, offering invaluable contributions to society’s overall success and collective well-being.