In two independent responses to our opinion article [1], Liu et al. [2] and Aslin et al. [3] (henceforth Liu or Aslin) critiqued our argument that the protracted development of motor cortex in mammals constrains rich interpretations of infant cognition. We welcome this opportunity to clarify what’s at stake. One issue concerns the neural basis of cognition across early development and the evidence researchers rely on to reveal it. Another issue concerns ‘core knowledge’ and whether representations of numerosity, moral reasoning, and the like are developmentally continuous between infant and adult minds.