How can we validate tests for consciousness beyond healthy adult humans? Bayne and colleagues propose the ‘iterative natural kind strategy’ (INKS) [1]. INKS begins by taking seriously all tests with at least some face validity rather than restricting our attention to a small subset of tests that antecedently pass stringent requirements of validation. We then […]

What entities are conscious and how could we ever know? We recently provided a framework for developing validated tests for consciousness (‘C-tests’): the Iterative Natural Kind Strategy (INKS) [1]. Brown and colleagues [2] raise some important questions for the INKS approach, although we are not sure how different their answers to those questions are from […]

The study of human working memory (WM) holds significant importance in neuroscience; yet, exploring the role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in WM has been limited by the technological constraints of noninvasive methods. Recent advancements in human intracranial neural recordings have indicated the involvement of the MTL in WM processes. These recordings show that […]