‘Helpless’ infants are active, goal-directed agents: response to Cusack et al.

Published on May 8, 2025

Why are humans born ‘helpless’? In their recent article in TiCS [1], Cusack et al. propose an explanation for the limited behavioral repertoires of human infants compared with those of other animals. The proposal builds a compelling argument from comparative neuroimaging research that human neural development and sensory processing are relatively mature at birth, undermining the idea that infants are helpless because their brains are immature. Instead, the authors propose that infants’ helplessness has learning benefits analogous to training foundation models in machine learning.

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