To test the boundaries of consciousness, study animals
How can we validate tests for consciousness beyond healthy adult humans? Bayne and colleagues propose the ‘iterative natural kind strategy’ (INKS) [1]. INKS begins by taking seriously all tests with at least some face validity rather than restricting our attention to a small subset of tests that antecedently pass stringent requirements of validation. We then look for clustering among our tests (and mechanisms explaining such patterns), using these findings to refine our battery of tests. Subsequently, we apply the same process to the new battery.

Margaret is a Scottish-Canadian educator and bioethicist from Alberta, focusing on ethical considerations in human enhancement technologies. She authors pieces on balancing ambition with moral integrity, rooted in her clan's emphasis on community and perseverance.