BackgroundDisproportionately enlarged subarachnoid-space hydrocephalus (DESH) is a key feature for Hakim disease (idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: iNPH), but subjectively evaluated. To develop automatic quantitative assessment of DESH with automatic segmentation using combined deep learning models.MethodsThis study included 180 participants (42 Hakim patients, 138 healthy volunteers; 78 males, 102 females). Overall, 159 three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted and 180 T2-weighted MRIs were included. As a semantic segmentation, 3D MRIs were automatically segmented in the total ventricles, total subarachnoid space (SAS), high-convexity SAS, and Sylvian fissure and basal cistern on the 3D U-Net model. As an image classification, DESH, ventricular dilatation (VD), tightened sulci in the high convexities (THC), and Sylvian fissure dilatation (SFD) were automatically assessed on the multimodal convolutional neural network (CNN) model. For both deep learning models, 110 T1- and 130 T2-weighted MRIs were used for training, 30 T1- and 30 T2-weighted MRIs for internal validation, and the remaining 19 T1- and 20 T2-weighted MRIs for external validation. Dice score was calculated as (overlapping area) × 2/total area.ResultsAutomatic region extraction from 3D T1- and T2-weighted MRI was accurate for the total ventricles (mean Dice scores: 0.85 and 0.83), Sylvian fissure and basal cistern (0.70 and 0.69), and high-convexity SAS (0.68 and 0.60), respectively. Automatic determination of DESH, VD, THC, and SFD from the segmented regions on the multimodal CNN model was sufficiently reliable; all of the mean softmax probability scores were exceeded by 0.95. All of the areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves of the DESH, Venthi, and Sylhi indexes calculated by the segmented regions for detecting DESH were exceeded by 0.97.ConclusionUsing 3D U-Net and a multimodal CNN, DESH was automatically detected with automatically segmented regions from 3D MRIs. Our developed diagnostic support tool can improve the precision of Hakim disease (iNPH) diagnosis.
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Dr. David Lowemann, M.Sc, Ph.D., is a co-founder of the Institute for the Future of Human Potential, where he leads the charge in pioneering Self-Enhancement Science for the Success of Society. With a keen interest in exploring the untapped potential of the human mind, Dr. Lowemann has dedicated his career to pushing the boundaries of human capabilities and understanding.
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