When Are Social Protests Effective?

Published on October 31, 2023

Social protests are like different recipes concocted to tackle the world’s biggest problems. With a dash of action, a sprinkle of target audience, and a pinch of desired outcome, we can evaluate their power to enact change. By examining the research, we discover that nonviolent protests work like a charm in rallying supporters to the cause. On the other hand, more disruptive protests have the ability to sway stubborn hearts and minds towards policy reform. This synthesis of findings leads us to conclude that understanding the recipe for effective protests lies in analyzing these three key ingredients: action, audience, and outcomes. So dig in! Learn how to cook up impactful activism by exploring the underlying research.

Around the world, people engage in social protests aimed at addressing major societal problems. Certain protests have led to significant progress, yet other protests have resulted in little demonstrable change. We introduce a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of social protest made up of three components: (i) what types of action are being considered; (ii) what target audience is being affected; and (iii) what outcomes are being evaluated? We then review relevant research to suggest how the framework can help synthesize conflicting findings in the literature. This synthesis points to two key conclusions: that nonviolent protests are effective at mobilizing sympathizers to support the cause, whereas more disruptive protests can motivate support for policy change among resistant individuals.

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