Imagine you’re at a bakery, and the baker gives you a tray of freshly baked cookies. You have to count the number of cookies, but instead of using your eyes to visually identify each cookie and then say the number out loud, you do it the other way around. You first say the number aloud, and then use your eyes to confirm if your verbal response matches the visual input. This might sound strange, but new research shows that language actually plays a role in how we process numbers visually. The study found that when participants read multi-digit numbers in Hebrew (where the word order matches the digit order) versus Arabic (where the ones word comes before the tens word), there were differences in error rates for specific digit positions. In Arabic, the unit digit was processed earlier and the decade digit was processed later, aligning with the Arabic word order. These findings suggest that our brain’s visual processing of digits can be influenced by the language we use to express numbers!

Abstract
Reading numbers aloud involves visual processes that analyze the digit string and verbal processes that produce the number words. Cognitive models of number reading assume that information flows from the visual input to the verbal production processes—a feed-forward processing mode in which the verbal production depends on the visual input but not vice versa. Here, I show that information flows also in the opposite direction, from verbal production to the visual input processes. Participants read aloud briefly presented multi-digit strings in Hebrew, in which the order of words is congruent with the order of digits (21 = twenty-and-one), and in Arabic, in which the ones word precedes the tens word (one-and-twenty). The error-by-digit-position curve was affected by language: relative to Hebrew, in Arabic the error rate was slightly lower for the unit digit and slightly higher for the decade digit, indicating that in Arabic the unit digit was processed earlier and the decade digit later, in accord with the Arabic word order. This language-dependent processing order originated in the visual level and was not a verbal confound, because it persisted even when I controlled for the serial position of the decade/unit word in the verbal number by using numbers with 0 (two hundred three/two hundred thirty). I conclude that the visual analyzer’s digit scanning order, decade-first or unit-first, is not fixed but affected by the language in which the number is produced—a top-down, verbal-to-visual information flow.

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