The Epigenetic Aging Clock and Brain Function in Young Adults

Published on August 1, 2023

Imagine aging as a race where everyone has their own individual clock. This study looked at how the ‘epigenetic clock’ changes as we grow older and how it relates to our brain aging and cognitive skills. By studying a group of individuals from adolescence to young adulthood, researchers found that the epigenetic clock is a relatively stable characteristic of an individual over time. Interestingly, those who aged faster during this period had higher epigenetic age at the end but lower epigenetic age at the earlier time point, suggesting a compensatory mechanism in which late bloomers catch up with early bloomers. Additionally, higher epigenetic age was associated with accelerated brain aging and lower IQ scores in young adult women. While the relationship between epigenetic aging and brain function is still complex, this study provides valuable insights into how these processes may be connected. If you’re curious about the fascinating world of epigenetics and its impact on aging and cognition, dive into the full research article!

IntroductionThe proportion of older adults within society is sharply increasing and a better understanding of how we age starts to be critical. However, given the paucity of longitudinal studies with both neuroimaging and epigenetic data, it remains largely unknown whether the speed of the epigenetic clock changes over the life course and whether any such changes are proportional to changes in brain aging and cognitive skills. To fill these knowledge gaps, we conducted a longitudinal study of a prenatal birth cohort, studied epigenetic aging across adolescence and young adulthood, and evaluated its relationship with brain aging and cognitive outcomes.MethodsDNA methylation was assessed using the Illumina EPIC Platform in adolescence, early and late 20 s, DNA methylation age was estimated using Horvath’s epigenetic clock, and epigenetic age gap (EpiAGE) was calculated as DNA methylation age residualized for batch, chronological age and the proportion of epithelial cells. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was acquired in both the early 20 s and late 20 s using the same 3T Prisma MRI scanner and brain age was calculated using the Neuroanatomical Age Prediction using R (NAPR) platform. Cognitive skills were assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) in the late 20 s.ResultsThe EpiAGE in adolescence, the early 20 s, and the late 20 s were positively correlated (r = 0.34–0.47), suggesting that EpiAGE is a relatively stable characteristic of an individual. Further, a faster pace of aging between the measurements was positively correlated with EpiAGE at the end of the period (r = 0.48–0.77) but negatively correlated with EpiAGE at the earlier time point (r = −0.42 to −0.55), suggesting a compensatory mechanism where late matures might be catching up with the early matures. Finally, higher positive EpiAGE showed small (Adj R2 = 0.03) but significant relationships with a higher positive brain age gap in all participants and lower full-scale IQ in young adult women in the late 20 s.DiscussionWe conclude that the EpiAGE is a relatively stable characteristic of an individual across adolescence and early adulthood, but that it shows only a small relationship with accelerated brain aging and a women-specific relationship with worse performance IQ.

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