Imagine the brain as a bustling city, with its streets and neighborhoods filled with different modules and activities. In a study published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, scientists aimed to uncover a specific gene module related to neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using a multi-omics data approach. They discovered a module called the amyloid-β induced neuroinflammation module (AIM), which was strongly associated with Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammatory response, as well as neuron death. Interestingly, AIM showed a close association with inflammatory microglia, the brain’s immune cells. By analyzing transcription factors and performing network analysis, the scientists also identified potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD within AIM. Additionally, they successfully repurposed certain approved drugs, such as ibrutinib and ponatinib, that may hold promise in treating AD. Overall, this study sheds light on the complex mechanisms underlying AD and offers potential avenues for diagnosis and treatment.

BackgroundNeuroinflammation is one of the key factors leading to neuron death and synapse dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Amyloid-β (Aβ) is thought to have an association with microglia activation and trigger neuroinflammation in AD. However, inflammation response in brain disorders is heterogenous, and thus, it is necessary to unveil the specific gene module of neuroinflammation caused by Aβ in AD, which might provide novel biomarkers for AD diagnosis and help understand the mechanism of the disease.MethodsTranscriptomic datasets of brain region tissues from AD patients and the corresponding normal tissues were first used to identify gene modules through the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method. Then, key modules highly associated with Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammatory response were pinpointed by combining module expression score and functional information. Meanwhile, the relationship of the Aβ-associated module to the neuron and microglia was explored based on snRNA-seq data. Afterward, transcription factor (TF) enrichment and the SCENIC analysis were performed on the Aβ-associated module to discover the related upstream regulators, and then a PPI network proximity method was employed to repurpose the potential approved drugs for AD.ResultsA total of 16 co-expression modules were primarily obtained by the WGCNA method. Among them, the green module was significantly correlated with Aβ accumulation, and its function was mainly involved in neuroinflammation response and neuron death. Thus, the module was termed the amyloid-β induced neuroinflammation module (AIM). Moreover, the module was negatively correlated with neuron percentage and showed a close association with inflammatory microglia. Finally, based on the module, several important TFs were recognized as potential diagnostic biomarkers for AD, and then 20 possible drugs including ibrutinib and ponatinib were picked out for the disease.ConclusionIn this study, a specific gene module, termed AIM, was identified as a key sub-network of Aβ accumulation and neuroinflammation in AD. Moreover, the module was verified as having an association with neuron degeneration and inflammatory microglia transformation. Moreover, some promising TFs and potential repurposing drugs were presented for AD based on the module. The findings of the study shed new light on the mechanistic investigation of AD and might make benefits the treatment of the disease.

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