Towards a pluralistic neurobiological understanding of consciousness

Published on February 26, 2023

Think of consciousness like a jigsaw puzzle. For years, scientists have been trying to find the one perfect piece that fits neatly into the whole picture. But now, a new perspective is emerging. Instead of searching for a single key to unlock the mysteries of consciousness, researchers are realizing that the puzzle is made up of different pieces, each with their own unique shape and function. In the field of consciousness science, this shift in thinking is challenging the long-held assumption that all aspects of consciousness can be explained by a single set of mechanisms. Inspired by Crick and Koch’s groundbreaking 1990 paper, which laid the foundation for the scientific study of consciousness, researchers are now embracing a pluralistic approach. They recognize that states and contents of consciousness, perception, introspection, and even experiences like pain all involve distinct mechanisms. This exciting new perspective opens up endless possibilities for understanding the fascinating phenomenon of consciousness in all its complexity.

In consciousness science it is commonly assumed that a single set of mechanisms can explain diverse phenomena of consciousness, from states of consciousness to contents of consciousness, from perception to introspection. This assumption partly stems from Crick and Koch’s seminal paper in 1990 [1]. This paper legitimized the topic of consciousness as a serious scientific discipline and launched the next 30 years of fruitful experimental research on consciousness. At the same time it declared visual awareness as a ‘favorable form of consciousness to study neurobiologically’, reasoning that ‘all forms of consciousness (e.g., seeing, thinking, and pain) employ, at bottom, rather similar mechanisms’.

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