Background: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is associated with increased risk of stroke and dementia. Progressive damage to the cerebral microvasculature may also trigger angiogenic processes to promote vessel repair. Elevated levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and pro-angiogenic signaling proteins are observed in response to vascular injury. We aimed to examine circulating levels […]

In a famous Argentinean card game, a player with a good hand may call ‘truco’, to which his/her opponent may pass or raise the bet with ‘quiero retruco’. Rolls makes interesting arguments [1] in response to my claim of no pattern separation in the human hippocampus [2]. However, these arguments reflect long-standing misconceptions about the […]

In a recent article, Quiroga argued that pattern separation may not occur in the human hippocampus [1]. This argument was based on neuronal recordings in the human hippocampus that showed that many neurons respond to overlapping representations and thus may not reflect pattern separation. However, it is important to assess why pattern separation is especially […]