Three recent studies [1–3], inspired by seminal work with human infants (e.g., [4]), have shown that non-human apes and macaques pass anticipatory-looking (AL) false-belief (FB) tests. These results raise the possibility that both apes and monkeys understand that others’ actions are driven not by reality but by beliefs about reality, even when those beliefs are false. In response, Horschler et al. [5] argued that these findings ‘should be interpreted cautiously due to methodological and theoretical challenges paralleling trends in the human literature.’ We agree that continued work is necessary to identify factors that influence reproducibility of AL paradigms and also to specify the mechanisms and functions of the observed behaviors in primates.
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Dr. David Lowemann, M.Sc, Ph.D., is a co-founder of the Institute for the Future of Human Potential, where he leads the charge in pioneering Self-Enhancement Science for the Success of Society. With a keen interest in exploring the untapped potential of the human mind, Dr. Lowemann has dedicated his career to pushing the boundaries of human capabilities and understanding.
Armed with a Master of Science degree and a Ph.D. in his field, Dr. Lowemann has consistently been at the forefront of research and innovation, delving into ways to optimize human performance, cognition, and overall well-being. His work at the Institute revolves around a profound commitment to harnessing cutting-edge science and technology to help individuals lead more fulfilling and intelligent lives.
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