The majority of neurons in the neuronal system of the brain have a complex morphological structure, which diversifies the dynamics of neurons. In the granular layer of the cerebellum, there exists a unique cell type, the unipolar brush cell (UBC), that serves as an important relay cell for transferring information from outside mossy fibers to […]

There is currently a need for engaging, user-friendly, and repeatable tasks for assessment of cognitive and motor function in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This study evaluated the feasibility of a maze-like Numberlink puzzle game in assessing differences in game-based measures of cognition and motor function due to age and neurodegenerative diseases. Fifty-five participants, including young […]

Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three neural systems: cortical modulation of the pretectal olivary nucleus (PON), which controls the pupillary light reflex; the superior colliculus (SC), which mediates orienting responses, including pupil changes to salient […]